A router's two functions are: (1) determine the best path to the destination using its routing table, and (2) forward the packet toward that destination by encapsulating it in the appropriate Layer 2 frame.

* A router's two jobs: path determination and forwarding. *

Function 1 — Path Determination:

• Router receives a packet on an interface
• Examines the destination IP (Internet Protocol) address
• Searches its routing table for the best matching route
• The best match is determined by the longest prefix match — the route with the most specific (longest) subnet mask wins

Function 2 — Packet Forwarding:

• After determining the best path, the router identifies the exit interface and next-hop IP
• De-encapsulates the received Layer 2 frame
• Re-encapsulates the packet in a new Layer 2 frame for the exit interface
• Forwards the new frame out the exit interface

Key insight: The IP (Internet Protocol) packet (Layer 3) stays essentially unchanged hop-by-hop — only the TTL (Time to Live) decrements. But the Layer 2 frame (Ethernet header) is rebuilt at every router hop with new source and destination MACs (Media Access Control addresses).

Tip: Think of the router as a mail sorting facility: it reads the destination address (IP), determines which truck goes to that zip code (routing table), and puts the letter in a new envelope for the next leg of the journey (new L2 frame).

Go deeper:

• Router (computing) (Wikipedia) — the path-determination plus forwarding split the card describes.
• Routing (Wikipedia) — separates route selection from per-packet forwarding.

Discover (broadcast), Offer (unicast), Request (broadcast), Acknowledge (unicast) — remember: DORA (Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge).

* The DHCP DORA message exchange. — Gelmo96, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. *

Why each step matters:

1. Discover — Client has no IP (Internet Protocol) yet, so it broadcasts "Is there a DHCP server out there?" (destination 255.255.255.255)
2. Offer — Server responds with an available IP address and configuration parameters
3. Request — Client broadcasts its acceptance (broadcast so other DHCP servers know the client chose a different server)
4. Acknowledge — Server confirms the lease and the client can start using the IP

Note: Per RFC 2131, the Offer and Acknowledge can also be sent as broadcast in some implementations.

Tip: Remember DORA — Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge. The pattern alternates client→server→client→server: the client asks (Discover), the server offers, the client accepts (Request), the server confirms (Ack). The two client→server messages (Discover, Request) are broadcast; the two server→client replies (Offer, Ack) are unicast.

Go deeper:

• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (Wikipedia) — names the four DORA phases with per-message packet detail and broadcast/unicast behaviour.
• RFC 2131 — Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol — the canonical spec defining the DISCOVER/OFFER/REQUEST/ACK exchange and state machine.