NETW1 Logs

An IPv6 address is 128 bits written as 32 hex digits, grouped into 8 hextets of 4 hex digits, separated by colons (each hex digit = 4 bits). IPv6 quadruples IPv4's 32-bit space to 128 bits to escape address exhaustion, and hexadecimal keeps that huge number readable: 4 bits per h...

Quiz: NETW1 / Number Systems | updated: Jul 30, 2026

0xCA = 202. C = 1100 and A = 1010, giving 11001010 = 128 + 64 + 8 + 2 = 202. Step-by-step: C = 1100, A = 1010 Joined: 11001010 Add set position values: 128 + 64 + 8 + 2 = 202 Result: 0xCA = 202 Check (positional): C × 16 + A × 1 = 12 × 16 + 10 = 192 + 10 = 202 ✓ Go deeper: Ra...

Quiz: NETW1 / Number Systems | updated: Jul 30, 2026

Bandwidth is a medium's capacity to carry data — how many bits can move per second — measured in bps and scaled up as Kbps, Mbps, Gbps, and Tbps. Bandwidth is the capacity at which a medium can carry data - how many bits can flow from one place to another in a given amount of tim...

Quiz: NETW1 / Physical Layer | updated: Jul 30, 2026

The cabling categories (Cat 3–7) are defined by TIA/EIA (ANSI/TIA-568) and ISO/IEC — not by IEEE. IEEE defines the Ethernet signalling standards (802.3) that run over those cables, which is a different thing. It is easy to mix up two different sets of standards bodies here, so ke...

Quiz: NETW1 / Physical Layer | updated: Jul 30, 2026

Yellow jackets are single-mode fiber; orange (or aqua) jackets are multimode fiber. Fiber patch cords are color-coded for easy identification: Jacket Color Fiber Type Yellow Single-mode fiber (SMF) Orange or Aqua Multimode fiber (MMF) Common patch cord types: SC-SC M...

Quiz: NETW1 / Physical Layer | updated: Jul 30, 2026

Bandwidth is the theoretical maximum capacity; throughput is the real bits/sec achieved (cut down by latency, the amount of traffic, and the media type); goodput is lower again because it excludes protocol overhead and retransmissions. These three terms describe a chain from "bes...

Quiz: NETW1 / Physical Layer | updated: Jul 30, 2026

Unicast is one-to-one, multicast is one-to-a-group, broadcast is one-to-all — broadcast exists only in IPv4; IPv6 drops it and adds anycast instead. * The four delivery options compared from a single sender. * Delivery Option Description Unicast One-to-one communication -...

Quiz: NETW1 / Protocols and Models | updated: Jul 30, 2026

ISOC, IAB, IETF, and IRTF develop and maintain Internet/TCP-IP standards; ICANN and IANA coordinate IP address, domain name, and protocol-number allocation. Organization Responsibility ISOC (Internet Society) Promotes open development and evolution of the Internet IAB (I...

Quiz: NETW1 / Protocols and Models | updated: Jul 30, 2026

A PDU is the name for the data at each stage of encapsulation; going down the stack: Data → Segment → Packet → Frame → Bits. * The PDU name at each layer, from Data down to Bits. * Encapsulation is the process where protocols add their information to the data. A Protocol Data Un...

Quiz: NETW1 / Protocols and Models | updated: Jul 30, 2026

The Layer 4 (Transport) PDU is the segment — data plus a TCP/UDP header carrying source/destination ports (and, for TCP, sequence numbers). * The Layer 4 segment: TCP/UDP header plus the application data. * The Transport layer takes data from the Application layer and creates se...

Quiz: NETW1 / Protocols and Models | updated: Jul 30, 2026