NETW2 Logs
SPEED: off = 10 Mbps, green = 100 Mbps, blinking green = 1000 Mbps. DUPLX: off = half-duplex, green = full-duplex.
LED State
SPEED mode
DUPLX mode
Off
10 Mbps
Half-duplex
Green
100 Mbps
Full-duplex
Blinking Green
1000 Mbps
— (not used)
Both modes reuse the same row...
Q What initial configuration tasks should always be performed on a new Cisco router?
Set the hostname → secure access with passwords (enable secret, console, VTY) → add a login banner → encrypt passwords → save to startup-config.
Router# configure terminal
Router(config)# hostname R1
R1(config)# enable secret class
R1(config)# line console 0
R1(config-line)# pass...
Q How does command history work on Cisco IOS devices?
IOS keeps the last 10 commands per session by default; recall them with the up/down arrows or Ctrl+P/Ctrl+N.
Navigating command history:
Key
Action
Up Arrow or Ctrl+P
Recall the previous (older) command
Down Arrow or Ctrl+N
Recall the next (newer) command
Default beha...
Q How do you verify that SSH (Secure Shell) is operational on a Cisco switch?
show ip ssh shows the SSH version and settings; show ssh lists the active SSH sessions.
Verify SSH version and settings:
S1# show ip ssh
SSH Enabled - version 2.0
Authentication timeout: 120 secs; Authentication retries: 3
View active SSH sessions:
S1# show ssh
Connection Versi...
Q How do you access the boot loader on a Cisco switch for crash recovery?
Hold the Mode button during power-on until the System LED turns briefly amber then solid green — that drops you to the switch: boot loader prompt.
* The five-step drop into the boot loader. *
Step-by-step recovery process:
Connect a PC via console cable to the switch console po...
Q What three things must be configured on a router interface to make it operational?
An IP (Internet Protocol) address, a no shutdown to activate it (router interfaces are down by default), and optionally a description.
IP Address: At least one IPv4 or IPv6 address
R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:db8:acad:1:...
Q In STAT (Port Status) mode on a Cisco switch, what do the different port LED colors indicate?
Off = no link, green = link up, blinking green = activity, amber = blocked by STP (Spanning Tree Protocol).
LED State
STAT Mode Meaning
Off
No link or port is shutdown
Solid Green
Link is up
Blinking Green
Port is actively sending/receiving data
Amber
Port is blocked...
Q What is microsegmentation on a switched LAN, and why does it remove the collision domain?
One device per switch port, running full-duplex — with only two endpoints on the segment and separate send and receive paths, there is nobody left to collide with.
* One shared collision domain on a hub; none at all once each port has a single full-duplex device. *
Classic Ether...
Q What is a loopback interface on a Cisco router and what is it used for?
A logical, software-only interface with no physical port that stays "up" whenever the router is running — handy as a never-down test target or router ID.
Key characteristics:
Not a physical port — cannot be connected to any device
Automatically in an "up" state whenever the rout...
Q How do you confirm what speed and duplex a switch port actually settled on?
show interfaces <interface-id> — its first line gives the up/up state, and a few lines down the output names the duplex and speed the port is really running.
S1# show interfaces fastEthernet 0/18
FastEthernet0/18 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
Hardware is Fast Ethernet,...